II. WAGING WAR

SUN TZU ON THE ART OF WAR

THE OLDEST MILITARY TREATISE IN THE WORLD

孫子兵法

Translated from the Chinese

By LIONEL GILES, M.A. (1910)

II. WAGING WAR

 1. Sun Tzu said:  In the operations of war,

    where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots,

    as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand

    mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them

    a thousand li, the expenditure at home and at the front,

    including entertainment of guests, small items such as

    glue and paint, and sums spent on chariots and armor,

    will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day. 

    Such is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men.

 2. When you engage in actual fighting, if victory

    is long in coming, then men's weapons will grow dull and

    their ardor will be damped.  If you lay siege to a town,

    you will exhaust your strength.

 3. Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources

    of the State will not be equal to the strain.

 4. Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped,

    your strength exhausted and your treasure spent,

    other chieftains will spring up to take advantage

    of your extremity.  Then no man, however wise,

    will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue.

 5. Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war,

    cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays.

 6. There is no instance of a country having benefited

    from prolonged warfare.

 7. It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted

    with the evils of war that can thoroughly understand

    the profitable way of carrying it on.

 8. The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy,

    neither are his supply-wagons loaded more than twice.

 9. Bring war material with you from home, but forage

    on the enemy.  Thus the army will have food enough

    for its needs.

10. Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army

    to be maintained by contributions from a distance. 

    Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes

    the people to be impoverished.

11. On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes

    prices to go up; and high prices cause the people's

    substance to be drained away.

12. When their substance is drained away, the peasantry

    will be afflicted by heavy exactions.

13,14. With this loss of substance and exhaustion

    of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare,

    and three-tenths of their income will be dissipated;

    while government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses,

    breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields,

    protective mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons,

    will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue.

15. Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging

    on the enemy.  One cartload of the enemy's provisions

    is equivalent to twenty of one's own, and likewise

    a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty

    from one's own store.

16. Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must

    be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from

    defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards.

17. Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots

    have been taken, those should be rewarded who took the first. 

    Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy,

    and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours. 

    The captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept.

18. This is called, using the conquered foe to augment

    one's own strength.

19. In war, then, let your great object be victory,

    not lengthy campaigns.

20. Thus it may be known that the leader of armies

    is the arbiter of the people's fate, the man on whom it

    depends whether the nation shall be in peace or in peril.